Table 1 Criteria for inclusion and exclusion for the review study
Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
|---|---|
Articles that presented reviews of determinants of nonfarm livelihood diversification, rural transformation, role of agricultural extension, livelihood strategies | Articles that exclusively concentrated on the agricultural scenarios of Global North without extrapolative relevance to the objectives of the current review study |
Empirical studies addressing the critical contribution of agricultural innovation, gendered agricultural value chains, and climate-smart agriculture and its integration with extension | Studies that did not adequately expose the dynamics of smallholder farmers’ livelihood adaptation, decision-making process, and sustainable use of resources for economic development |
Document types: articles and dissertations written in English from Global South | Document types: books, book chapters, abstracts, and protocols |
Articles published in peer-reviewed journals between 2014 and 2024 | Articles that did not focus on agricultural financing policy |