Assessment of brewery wastewater as an alternative irrigation source: impacts on soil health and nutrient uptake by maize in Tamil Nadu, India

Table 1 Characterization of treated brewery industrial wastewater and river water

Parameters	Unit	Treated brewery industrial wastewater	Control (river water)	FAO Standards (Ayers and Westcot, 1985)
pH	-	7.85	7.20	6.5–8.5
Electrical conductivity	dS m⁻¹	1.86	0.41	< 3
Total suspended solids	mg L⁻¹	1.20	0.61	< 50
Total dissolved solids	mg L⁻¹	1320	258	< 450
Biochemical oxygen demand	mg L⁻¹	22.0	2.00	< 10
Chemical oxygen demand	mg L⁻¹	135	12.0	< 60
Ammonical nitrogen	mg L⁻¹	3.50	2.40	< 5
Nitrate nitrogen	mg L⁻¹	44.5	3.00	< 30
Phosphate	mg L⁻¹	6.20	1.10	< 2
Carbonate	mg L⁻¹	46.0	7.00	< 0.1
Bicarbonate	mg L⁻¹	69.0	22.0	< 10
Calcium	mg L⁻¹	77.0	32.0	< 400
Magnesium	mg L⁻¹	41.0	12.0	< 60
Sodium	mg L⁻¹	213	68.0	< 900
Potassium	mg L⁻¹	29.0	11.0	< 2
Chloride	mg L⁻¹	245	62.0	< 350
Sulfate	mg L⁻¹	58.0	8.00	< 20
Boron	mg L⁻¹	2.50	0.06	< 0.75
Chromium (VI)	mg L⁻¹	BDL*	-	-
Total chromium	mg L⁻¹	BDL*	-	-
Cadmium	mg L⁻¹	BDL*	-	0.01
Lead	mg L⁻¹	BDL*	-	-
Nickel	mg L⁻¹	BDL*	-	0.2
Mercury	mg L⁻¹	BDL*	-	-
Percent sodium	%	67.2	33.2	< 20
RSC	Meq. L⁻¹	−3.00	−15.00	< 1.25
SAR	-	27.7	14.5	< 15
Kellis ratio	-	1.81	1.55	< 1
Magnesium hazard	-	34.7	27.3	< 50
Total hardness	mg L⁻¹	361	129	< 60

ISSN: 3005-1932